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    <title data-ignore-plain-text>German Physiks Newsletter No. 23</title>
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      <h3 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25em;font-size:2.6179240000000004em;mso-line-height-alt:2.6179240000000004em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:0em;text-align:center;"><strong>DDD driver Q &amp; A</strong></h3>
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      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">Welcome to the March 2021 German Physiks newsletter.  </p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">We thought for this newsletter we would answer some of the most common questions we are asked about our DDD driver.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.618em;mso-line-height-alt:1.618em;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.25em;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong>What is the life-time of the DDD driver?</strong></h4>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="transparent" class="text-section section-content" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;min-width:100%;width:100%;">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;padding-top:22px;padding-right:44px;padding-bottom:22px;padding-left:44px;color:#000;background-color:transparent;">
      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">The DDD drivers on the first loudspeakers we made in 1992 are still working, so we can confidently say 25 years plus is not unusual. The number of genuine failures we see in the field is vanishingly small. We do get a small number of requests each year from customers with loudspeakers fitted with the older and more fragile titanium foil diaphragm DDD driver. The most common cause of damage here is people denting the diaphragm when attempting to remove dust, or small children touching the diaphragm.  The titanium foil diaphragm can sustain quite a significant amount damage before you can hear any problems. The current carbon fibre diaphragm will resist the attentions of all but the most determined small child, or spring cleaner. </p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">In any case, we can repair any DDD driver we have ever made, or supply a suitable replacement. Replacing the DDD driver on all the German Physiks models that use just one DDD driver is very simple.  It takes about 15 minutes and requires no soldering.  </p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.618em;mso-line-height-alt:1.618em;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.25em;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong>Why did you change from using titanium foil to carbon fibre for the DDD driver’s diaphragm material?</strong></h4>
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      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">The change was made for two reasons:</p><ol data-rte-list="default" style="padding-left:25px;"><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class=""><strong>Ruggedness:</strong>&nbsp; The titanium foil we used was only 0.001 of an inch thick (0.025mm).&nbsp; It was very delicate and this made it very difficult to handle during manufacture.&nbsp; In fact, about 10% of titanium DDD driver diaphragms were damaged during the manufacturing process. The carbon fibre material we now use is 0.006 of an inch thick (0.15mm) and is much easier to handle.&nbsp; The completed carbon fibre diaphragm is very resistant to physical abuse as the video <a href="https://bit.ly/3mSkk6x" target="" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color:#0e8ac4 !important;">here</a> shows. </p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">Using carbon fibre poses different manufacturing challenges, but overall, it is a much easier material to use, although more expensive. </p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;height:1.618em;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;"></p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;"><strong>Frequency response:</strong>&nbsp; The carbon fibre diaphragm DDD driver provides a wider frequency response at both ends of the spectrum compared to the titanium foil version: 24kHz vs 21.5kHz at the top end and 70Hz vs 120Hz at the bottom end. </p></li></ol>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.618em;mso-line-height-alt:1.618em;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.25em;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong>How does the DDD driver achieve such a wide frequency response compared to conventional drivers?</strong></h4>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="transparent" class="text-section section-content" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;min-width:100%;width:100%;">
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      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">The key here is to have a low moving mass.</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">The DDD driver uses three methods of operation:</p><ul data-rte-list="default" style="padding-left:25px;"><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">&nbsp;Pistonic</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">&nbsp;Bending wave</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class=""> Modal radiation&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p></li></ul><p style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">At low frequencies the DDD driver’s diaphragm moves pistonically, like a conventional driver. This where the voice-coil and the entire diaphragm move back and forth together. The moving mass is under 3 grams, which is very low for a low frequency driver, and is in fact closer to that of many tweeters.</p><p style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">The two other modes of operation provide an even lower moving mass.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">Above the low frequency range, the DDD driver uses bending wave radiation.&nbsp; Because the carbon fibre diaphragm is very thin, it is also very flexible. If the voice coil exerts sufficient force, instead of the whole voice-coil and diaphragm assembly moving together, the diaphragm material nearest the voice-coil flexes and a wave travels down the diaphragm wall, away from the voice-coil. This wave pushes out a sound pressure wave.&nbsp; This is shown in the very simplified diagram below. In reality, the wavelength of the wave on the diaphragm wall is very much greater than shown.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;padding-top:11px;padding-right:44px;padding-bottom:22px;padding-left:44px;color:#000;background-color:transparent;">
      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">With bending wave motion, the moving mass is no longer the combined mass of the voice-coil and the entire diaphragm, but it is the combined mass of the voice-coil and the diaphragm material in the wave – a much lower figure.</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">At the dipole frequency, where a standing wave is established on the diaphragm wall, the DDD driver changes from bending wave, to modal radiation.&nbsp; Here, vibrating areas (modes) are established on the diaphragm surface.  These resemble the pattern you see when you drop a stone into water.&nbsp; These areas act as individual radiators and the moving mass of each of these is essentially the mass of the diaphragm material involved in each little radiating area.&nbsp; As the frequency goes up, the number of these “radiators” increases and consequently they get smaller, thus their individual moving masses goes down.&nbsp; At some point the stiffness of the diaphragm material prevents these individual radiators getting any smaller and this limits the high frequency response of the DDD driver.</p>
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;padding-top:22px;padding-right:44px;padding-bottom:22px;padding-left:44px;color:#fff;background-color:#afad5a;">
      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.618em;mso-line-height-alt:1.618em;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.25em;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong>Why not make the diaphragm larger so that the low frequency response can be extended and the DDD driver operate full range?</strong></h4>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="transparent" class="text-section section-content" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;min-width:100%;width:100%;">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;padding-top:22px;padding-right:44px;padding-bottom:22px;padding-left:44px;color:#000;background-color:transparent;">
      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">A larger diaphragm would be heavier, so you would need a larger voice-coil to move it.&nbsp; This increase in mass would degrade the driver’s dynamic response.  Also, the dimensions and shape of the diaphragm we use, together with diaphragm material’s physical characteristics and some other parameters, have been established by computer modelling as being those that will provide the best performance.&nbsp; If you change any of these parameters, the performance of the driver will be compromised.</p><p style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">The DDD driver’s performance being dependent on so many factors, is why the only way it could be optimised is by using computer modelling.&nbsp; The chance of getting the right values by experiment is close to zero, unless you lived for a very long time.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.618em;mso-line-height-alt:1.618em;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.25em;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong>A general question we are asked from time to time is, are German Physiks loudspeakers a difficult load for the amplifier?</strong></h4>
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<table role="presentation" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="transparent" class="text-section section-content" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;min-width:100%;width:100%;">
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    <td valign="top" class="section-text-area section-content-cell" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 !important;border-color:transparent;mso-table-lspace:0pt;mso-table-rspace:0pt;padding-top:22px;padding-right:44px;padding-bottom:11px;padding-left:44px;color:#000;background-color:transparent;">
      <p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">The answer is, not particularly. If we take an independent measurement of the impedance of our Unlimited model, made by Martin Colloms, a well-known UK reviewer and also a respected loudspeaker designer in his own right, you can see that the minimum of the real part of the impedance is about 3 ohms at 70Hz – this is the lower trace. This is fairly typical of all German Physiks models.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.618em;mso-line-height-alt:1.618em;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.25em;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong>Do different parts of the DDD driver radiate different frequencies?</strong></h4>
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      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">We get asked this a lot and the simple answer is no.</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">Many people believe that the high frequencies come from the top of the diaphragm, the mid-range from the centre of the diaphragm and the lower frequencies from the base of the diaphragm, but this is not the case.</p>
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      <h4 style="color:inherit;margin:1.414em 0 .5em;font-weight:400;font-size:1.618em;mso-line-height-alt:1.618em;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:.02em;text-align:center;line-height:1.25em;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong>Does the DDD driver interact with the cabinet differently compared to a conventional driver?</strong></h4>
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      <p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">Actually no one has ever asked us this, but it is an interesting and important question. </p><p class="" style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">The DDD driver puts less energy into the cabinet than an equivalent conventional driver would. This reduces cabinet resonances and gives a major increase in transparency. There are two reasons for this:</p><p style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">a. The DDD driver has a very low moving mass, much less than most equivalent conventional drivers*, therefore the reaction forces it produces are much smaller and so there is less energy to cause resonances.</p><p style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">b. The second reason is the way the DDD driver is mounted. On conventional loudspeakers, the driver is generally mounted on a baffle and the reaction forces the driver produces are in the same direction that the baffle would naturally want to flex. This makes it easier to excite resonances.</p><p style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">By contrast, on the German Physiks Unlimited, HRS-130, Borderland Mk IV, Carbon Mk IV and Unicorn, the DDD driver is mounted on top of the cabinet. The reaction forces the DDD driver produces are therefore at right angles to the direction that the cabinet panels would naturally want to flex, so it is very difficult for the energy from the DDD driver’s reaction forces to make the cabinet panels flex.&nbsp;</p><p style="color:inherit;margin-bottom:1.25em;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-align:justify;" class="">On the German Physiks PQS-203 to Gaudi, the DDD drivers use small cylindrical enclosures, minimising the area of any potential vibrating surface. By being cylindrical, they eliminate the resonances that can arise with a conventional rectangular or square section cabinet. Because they are made from aluminium, a comparatively soft metal, residual vibration of the enclosure is minimised due to the damping effect of the aluminium. The DDD driver enclosure end-caps are made from non-resonant MDF and the enclosure is packed with damping material to dissipate any standing waves.</p><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">*The DDD driver can move as much air as a conventional 6.5-inch driver.</p>
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      <ul data-rte-list="default" style="padding-left:25px;"><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">A review of the Borderland Mk IV loudspeakers.</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">Print and video reviews of the Emperor integrated amplifier.</p></li><li style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:15px;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="" style="color:inherit;font-size:1em;line-height:1.618em;font-weight:normal;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'Liberation Sans', 'Nimbus Sans L', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;">A video review of the HRS-130 loudspeakers.</p></li></ul>
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